Thewesternbalkans
According to the information from the European Commission on 1 of November 2024, the Commission published its annual Enlargement Package, providing a detailed assessment of the state of play and the progress made by ten candidate countries, including Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Six Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia) and Türkiye on their respective paths towards EU accession. The assessments are accompanied by recommendations and guidance on the reform priorities.
The enlargement process continues to be merit-based and depends on the objective progress made by each of the partners. EU membership remains a strategic choice.
The main conclusions of the Country Reports are as follow:
Ukraine
The opening of accession negotiations with Ukraine has been an important recognition of Ukraine’s determination to pursue reforms on the path of EU accession. Following the first intergovernmental conference in June 2024, the analytical examination of the acquis (the screening) is progressing smoothly. Subject to Ukraine meeting all the conditions, the Commission is looking forward to the opening of negotiations on clusters, starting with the fundamentals, as soon as possible in 2025.
Republic of Moldova
The opening of accession negotiations has been an important recognition of Moldova’s determination to pursue reforms on the path of EU accession despite facing continuous Russian interference and the impact of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. Following the first intergovernmental conference in June 2024, the analytical examination of the acquis (the screening) is progressing smoothly. Subject to Moldova meeting all the conditions, the Commission is looking forward to the opening of negotiations on clusters, starting with the fundamentals, as soon as possible in 2025.
Georgia
While in December 2023 the European Council granted candidate status to Georgia, its EU accession process has been meanwhile de facto halted due to the course of action taken by the Georgian government since Spring 2024. On 26 October 2024, the citizens of Georgia voted in parliamentary elections. The preliminary findings of the joint International Election Observation Mission led by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) identified several shortcomings that occurred in a tense and highly polarised environment. The reported weaknesses include i.a. the recent legislative amendments to the election process, frequent compromises on vote secrecy, procedural inconsistencies, intimidation and pressure on voters that negatively impacted public trust in the process. These preliminary findings confirm the need for a comprehensive electoral reform that was already highlighted in past key recommendations.
In June 2024 the intergovernmental conference confirmed that Montenegro overall met the interim benchmarks for the rule of law chapters 23 and 24, providing the opportunity to proceed with provisionally closing further chapters if conditions are met. In the rule of law area and judiciary further progress is needed.
The Commission reiterates its assessment that Serbia has fulfilled the benchmarks to open cluster 3 (Competitiveness and inclusive growth). In the coming year, Serbia is expected to speed up the work on the implementation of EU-accession related reforms across the board, with a particular focus on the rule of law interim benchmarks as well as ensuring a truly enabling environment for civil society and media, making credible efforts to shut down disinformation and foreign information manipulation.
When it comes to Albania, the Commission welcomes the opening of negotiations on the fundamentals cluster at the second intergovernmental conference held on 15 October 2024. It is crucial for the authorities to further intensify the pace of EU oriented reforms, notably on the rule of law, consolidating the track record on law enforcement, on effectively fighting corruption and organised crime, and the promotion of fundamental rights, including media freedom, property rights, and minorities.
In the case of North Macedonia, the country needs to continue to deliver on the implementation of EU-related reforms, in particular under the fundamentals cluster, notably the judiciary, the fight against corruption and organised crime. Trust in the justice system needs to be strengthened. The screening sessions for all the six clusters of the EU acquis were completed in December 2023.
Bosnia and Herzegovina demonstrated tangible results including on migration management, full alignment with the EU’s common and foreign security policy, as well as by passing legislation on integrity of the judiciary, anti-money laundering and conflict of interest. In March 2024 the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Commission is preparing the negotiating framework with a view to its adoption by the Council the moment all relevant steps set out in the Commission’s recommendation of October 2022 are taken.
Kosovo submitted an application for EU membership in December 2022. The Commission remains available to prepare an Opinion on Kosovo’s membership application as soon as the Council requests it. Progress was recorded in the fight against organised crime, and the business environment improved. Visa liberalisation for Kosovo entered into force on 1 January 2024. Kosovo needs to intensify its efforts to strengthen the rule of law and public administration and to protect freedom of expression.
Türkiye is a candidate country and a key partner for the European Union. Nonetheless, accession negotiations with the country remain at a standstill since 2018, in line with the decision of the Council. Serious concerns remain in the areas of fundamental rights and rule of law, including the independence of the judiciary. Dialogue on rule of law and fundamental rights remains an integral part of the EU-Türkiye relationship. Following the April 2024 strategic guidance of the European Council, relations with Türkiye were marked by a gradual re-engagement, and concrete steps were taken towards constructive exchanges on issues of joint interest.
It is now for the Council to consider the recommendations of the Commission and take decisions on the steps ahead in the enlargement process.
Comments: Overall, the main conclusions of the reports are positive, even for countries such as Kosovo and North Macedonia, despite the findings of a number of commitments made but not fulfilled. Especially for North Macedonia, it is quite helpfully omitted in the summary that it is already separated from Albania due to non-implementation of a decision of the European Council related to the rights of the Bulgarians in the country. For Serbia, there is also not a word in the summary about its positions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, regardless of the fact that all EU leaders keep repeating that this will be the most important criteria for progress in the enlargement process. The reports confirm the EU’s geopolitical commitment to Ukraine and Moldova, which is also confirmed by the planned financing of the processes with these countries.
For Türkiye, total confusion continues in the European Commission, which has to deal with problems such as Ankara’s reluctance to comply with the Commission’s requests, but on the other hand with the important geopolitical role that Türkiye plays in the current complex and very difficult international situation.
